Макроекономічна роль туризму: сучасні реалії країн світу

Abstract

Стаття присвячена дослідженню впливу туризму на економіку країн світу. Описано основні показники, які характеризують макроекономічну роль туризму, розглянуто їх складові. Проведено аналіз та узагальнення статистичних даних в контексті макроекономічної ролі сучасного туризму у розвитку окремих територій. Акцентована увага на необхідності застосування не лише абсолютних, але й передусім відносних показників, як основних індикаторів макроекономічного впливу туризму. Встановлено, що економічне значення сучасного туризму помітно відрізняється в країнах з різним рівнем розвитку економіки. Виявлено реальний вплив туризму на ВВП економічно розвинених країна та країн, що розвиваються. Побудовано рейтинги країн і територій за загальним внеском індустрії туризму у ВВП, а також за загальним внеском у зайнятість населення.

Tourism has long ceased to be regarded as an elite type of holiday for a small group of wealthy people, initially organized by a small group of enthusiasts and who is unlikely to count on a significant expense for both their own wallet and their own state. However, during the second half of the twentieth century, tourism has gradually evolved into a powerful industry, with tens of millions of professionals now serving hundreds of millions of consumers around the world, and nations competing for a foreign visitor who is willing to spend more and more money on all the whims of a modern travel trip. As a result, the world economy has received a rather significant new source of currency inflows and the social sphere has created new jobs. The economic function of tourism has attracted the attention of both scholars and practitioners. The result is the emergence of international organizations that have begun research in the field of tourism economics, presenting to a wide range of regular statistical reports based on a specially developed methodology. The available statistics provide great opportunities for generalizations not only of a global nature, but also at the level of individual countries and territories. And the considerable demarcation of poor and prosperous countries requires a proper study of the role of tourism in the development of their economy. This is what determines the relevance of this article, which focuses on the macroeconomic impact of the tourism industry in terms of individual countries and territories of the world. This did not apply a selective approach to separately selected destinations, but made a full-fledged full study of all modern countries and territories. A dynamic series for the entire observation period was used to analyze the economic impact of tourism. The main indicators used to determine the place of tourism in the destination economy were not just tourism revenues, but the total contribution of the tourism industry to the gross domestic product (GDP) of countries and territories, as well as the total contribution of tourism to employment. The results of this study should adjust the current perceptions of the leading role of the tourism industry in the most economically developed countries at present, and reorient tourism business to more promising areas – to the emerging countries.